Xylella fastidiosa - Pierce's disease

Kindly translated for us by Hilary Smith, the following is an article on a very destructive bacterium, that has already caused untold damage in Italy.

POURCIEUX / Xylella fastidiosa est une bactérie pathogène classée comme organisme nuisible de quarantaine.

POURCIEUX / Xylella fastidiosa (XF)  is a pathogenic bacteria classified as a pest which should be quarantined.

A ce titre son introduction et sa dissémination sont interdites et la lutte contre cet organisme est obligatoire sur l’ensemble du territoire français. La Coordination Rurale Provence-Alpes-Côted’Azur se mobilise face à cette menace.

  

Because of this its introduction and dissemination are forbidden and the fight against this organism is obligatory throughout France.  PACA Cordination Rurale is mobilising itself against this menace.

Un danger aux portes de notre région présent en Italie dans la région des Pouilles depuis fin 2013, cette bactérie pathogène est devenue incontrôlable. 60 000 hectares d’oliviers et autres végétaux ont été dévastés en un an.   Xylella fastidosa compte plus de 200 hôtes (répartis en 50 familles botaniques différentes), certains étant des porteurs sains. Son pouvoir pathogène est très important : oliviers, amandiers, plantes maraîchères et ornementales, vigne, citrus, chênes, lauriers… y sont sensibles.

This danger has been present in Italy since the end of 2013 and has become uncontrolled.  60,000 hectares of olives and other agricultural products have been devastated in one year. XF has more than 200 host insects (from 50 different botanical families), some of them being healthy carriers.   Its pathogenic power is very strong;  olives, almond trees, market garden plants and ornamental plants, vines, citrus, oaks, oleanders – all are susceptible to it.

Par ailleurs, cette bactérie a déjà fait des dégâts de l’autre côté de l’Atlantique :

Elsewhere, this bacterium has already brought damage on the other side of the Atlantic

Maladie de Pierce sur vigne (les vignobles californiens étaient touchés dans les années 1990), Chlorose panachée des citrus (au Brésil à la fin des années 1980), Phony Peach Desease sur pêchers…

Maladie de Pierce on vines (the Californian winegrowers having suffered in the 1990s), chlorose affected variegated leaves of citrus trees (in Brazil at the end of the 1980s), Phoney Peach Disease on peach trees . . . . 

Les dépérissements provoqués par la maladie sont nombreux et peuvent avoir des répercussions économiques de grande ampleur.   Une reconnaissance et une lutte difficile

Wilting and deterioration provoked by the disease are numerous and can have important economic repercussions.  Recognition and the fight against it are difficult.

L’identification s’avère très difficile puisque ces symptômes peuvent être confondus avec un stress hydrique, une sénescence et une carence. Toutes les productions sont concernées.

Identification is very difficult since the symptoms can be confused with stress from water shortage,  deterioration due to age and failure.   All output is affected.

Cette maladie peut tout détruire en quelques années voire même en quelques mois. Les symptômes sont :

This disease can destroy everything in a few years, even in several months.  The symptoms are:

*   brûlures foliaires allant jusqu’au dessèchement des rameaux (laurier rose, olivier, amandier, chêne, orme, platane sycomore….) ; 

leaf burn leading to drying out of branches (oleanders, olives, almonds, oaks, elms and sycamore)

*   chlorose foliaire (caféier, oranger), sur oranger l’infection entraîne également la production de fruits de petite taille ; 

leaf chlorosis ( coffee bushes, orange trees) on  orange trees the infection also leads to the production of smaller fruit.

*   défauts de lignification et persistance des pétioles après la chute des feuilles, jaunissements et rougissements des feuilles (vigne) ;  

defects of lignification and the persistance of petioles (stalk attaching leaf to stem) after leaf fall, yellowing and reddening of leaves (vines)

*   nanisme et coloration bleue-verte des feuilles (luzerne) ;  

dwarfism and blue-green coloration of leaves in grasses (lucerne)

*   port tombant et réduction des entrenoeuds (pêcher).

trailing carriage and reduction of leaf nodes (peach tree) 

Il s’agit d’une maladie fortement épidémique, transmises potentiellement par de nombreux vecteurs : cicadelles, cercopes et cigales, mais tous les insectes piqueurs-suceurs se nourrissant de sève brute (xylème) sont à considérer potentiellement comme vecteurs de cette bactérie. En Italie, la dissémination a été effectuée par le cercope des prés.

We are dealing with a strongly epidemic disease, potentially transmitted by numerous carriers : cicadas, “cercopes”, cigales, and all stinging/biting sucking insects that feed on raw sap should be considered as potential carriers of this bacterium.  In Italy the dissemination was done by the field “cercope”.

Actuellement, aucune lutte curative contre cette bactérie n’est connue. Sa propagation ne peut être contenue que par l’arrachage et la destruction des plantes contaminées et par le contrôle des populations des insectes vecteurs.

As of now no effective product which can fight against this bacterium is known.    Its propagation can only be contained by the ripping up and destruction of contaminated plants and the control of carrier insects. 

Que fait l’Etat fasse à cela ?  

What is the State doing in the face of this ?

A côté de Xylella fastidiosa, la sharka, le charançon rouge du palmier, la flavescence dorée et autres pathogènes semblent des problèmes ridicules. Compte tenu de la découverte de la bactérie en Italie, le risque de son introduction sur le territoire français par le biais de la circulation de végétaux potentiellement infectés ne peut être écarté.

Compared with XF « sharka » the Charancon rouge of palm trees, the golden “flavescence” and other pathogens seem to be laughable problems.  Taking into account the discovery of the bacterium in Italy, the risk of its introduction into French territory by way of the circulation of potentially infected vegetation cannot be ruled out. 

La CR PACA demande donc l’arrêt de l’importation de tous les végétaux en provenance d’Italie et de mettre en place les mêmes mesures de protection que celles des pays déjà touchés par cette bactérie.

 

CR PACA is therefore asking for the prohibition of imports of all vegetable matter of Italian provenance and the same protection measures should be put in place with countries already affected by this bacterium.

History of Lavender

History of Lavender

There are 4 Lavenders native to our region. Lavandula stoechas which grows on acid soil nearer to the coast, flowers in spring;

Lavandula angustifolia (angustifolia meaning narrow leaves), flowers from end of June to end of August depending on altitude and climate between 500/600m to 1400 m;

Lavandula latifolia (latifolia meaning broad leaved) flowers in August at altitudes between 200-600m above sea level. The zone where the last two Lavenders meet is around 500m above sea level. 

At this altitude they cross-pollinate and a new hybrid is born, Lavandula x intermedia, or more commonly known as 'Lavandin'.

On the left 'Lavandin', has inherited the lateral branching from Lavandula latifolia. Lavandula angustifolia in unbranched, just a straight flower stalk.

The Latin name for lavender is Lavandula,  derived from the Latin word ‘lavare’ meaning washing. The Romans used Lavandula stoechas and Lavandula latifolia to perfume their baths and clothes. These were the Lavenders, that were more easily available, growing near the coast and a bit inland.

Both Pline the elder (scientist, naturalist and philosopher, personal friend of Emperor Vespasian, 1^st century AD). Dioscorides (a Greek, but worked as a physician in the Roman armies 1^st century AD, author of the book Materia Medica, a herbal used up to the 15^th century) mentioned lavender in their writings.

From the 1^st century onwards Lavender pops up regularly in medical text. Lavender was one of the herbs that was grown in the monastery gardens in the 14^th century. 

In the 16^th century, records show that Lavender was being distilled to obtain essential oil. They used it to treat sores and against vermin.

The medical centres in Montpellier founded in the 13th century and Marseille founded in the 15^th century encouraged the cultivation of aromatic herbs. Plants were the principal cure for ailments until the discovery of chemical synthesis in 19^th century.

Faculty of Medicine - Montpellier

It was thought that bad odours resulted in illness and pleasant smells promoted healing and prevent illness. During the last plague epidemic in the 18^th century, the archives mention enormous quantities of aromatic plants being used in medicine, burnt inside the houses and on the roads to fight against the plague.

Plague doctor's mask and garments

It was in the second half of the 19th century when the ‘wild pick of lavender’ developed in Provence. In the same period there was a large exodus of people leaving the countryside, from Mt. Ventoux to the valleys of the Verdon, the limits being the mountains of the Vercors and pre-Alps. These people were very poor, the land was unproductive and as there were more and more new industries being created in the cities, they abandoned the land, left it as was, erosion took place exposing the rocks underneath, only the strongest plants could survive. Lavender quickly covered the abandoned hills.

During the harvest, the pickers noticed that some of the Lavenders were larger than the others.  They just called them “grosse lavande”. These plants were a cross between Lavandula angustifolia and Lavandula latifolia. This is brought about by insects, in particular bees, who transport the pollen from one flower to the next.  Only in 1927 was this fact confirmed in a laboratory in Grasse when they artificially pollinated Lavandula angustifolia with Lavandula latifolia. The name given to this newly discovered Lavender was ‘Lavandin’, its Latin name being Lavandula x intermedia.

Map of Lavender areas

Lavandin being a hybrid is in principal sterile.  It cannot produce plants from seeds or grains, only from cuttings, that also explains the sameness when you look at a field of Lavandin.

As the demand for perfume and cosmetics grew. Partially because it was fashionable at the time, but also because the population in the cities grew. In particular Grasse, its prosperity based on 3 industries, olive oil, leather and the perfumery industry. The countryside around Grasse produced olives and hides from the sheep. For the manufacturing of soap and cosmetics you need oil, in this case olive oil. To give the products a pleasant smell they used the essential oil of plants that either grew naturally or were being cultivated in the area (jasmine, rosa centifolia, violet, mimosa and of course lavender).  From the 19^th century onwards Grasse was knows as the capital of perfume.

Fragrance producers

• Expressions Parfumées  - Grasse - Producer of 100% natural fragrances certified Ecocert. A supplier to the big perfume houses and other parts of the cosmetics and beauty industry.
• Parfumeries Fragonard  Independent perfume house in Grasse - with perfume museum.
• Galimard - Producing fragrances and perfumes in Grasse since 1747
• Jean Niel - Grasse - Family run company producing fragrances since 1779.
• Molinard  Another family perfume company, based in Grasse
• MPE (Matières Premières Essentielles) - Grasse based producer of essential oils

The perfume houses installed distilleries in the countryside close to where the Lavender was being picked. Local families and families as far a field as Italy would descend into the hills in July. This harvest continued to grow till it reached its peak in 1920’s-1930’s. It was only between 1925-1930 that the cultivation of Lavender in fields, as we know it today, started.

For example in 1923, 100 tons of Lavender was being picked – 90% from wild pick.  From the 1950’s the ‘wild pick’ hardly existed.  In 1956 the lavender production was 80 tons only 10% from ‘wild pick’. In the 1980’s the production was 50-80 tons and no more ‘wild pick’.

Lavander is normally sown.  There is a cloned variety called  Lavandula angustifolia ‘Maillette’, named after M. Maillette, who selected the plant. Nowadays, 40-50 % of all Lavender is planted with this variety.  It is of a slightly lesser quality than the sown Lavender, but because of its selection, it has a larger flower head, which results in more essential oil.

The cultivation of Lavandin started of slowly from 0 in 1925 to 1000 tons in 1980.

The first selection of Lavandin was called Abrialis in the 1930’s, developed by Père Abrial.  2/3 of all the Lavandin fields were planted with Abrialis,

till it got a sickness and was then replaced by another cultivar called ‘Super’.

Nowadays only 10-15% of the fields are planted with ‘Abrialis’ and less than 10% with ‘Super’. Most of it is planted with Lavandin ‘Grosso’ selected by M. Grosso from Goult in the Vaucluse.

The production of Lavandin has increased whilst the production of Lavender has decreased. There are several reasons for this, the yield of Lavandin essential oil is greater than that of Lavender plus Lavandin grows at lower altitudes, the land is flatter, it is easier to create the fields and at the same time easier to harvest with machinery. The large industries that use Lavender in their products are not interested in quality more in quantity. Today the production of Lavender has gone down to about 30 tons.

What is the essential oil of Lavender used for:

Essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia is one of the few essential oils that can be used pure onto the skin, particularly for insect bites or small burns. 

It is a tonic for the nervous system; it calms, emotionally it harmonises; it relieves fear, tension and negative thoughts, helps with palpitation and is a muscle relaxant.

The different Lavandins have similar properties, just not as effective.

Lavandula stoechas has antiseptic, anti-spasmodic properties.  It has to be diluted before use to treat chronic sinusitis, bronchitis and upper respiratory infection.  Not to be used pure or on babies, children and pregnant women.

How to use lavender essential oil:

·      Simplest way is to put a few drops on a hanky and inhale.

·      Bath: add 7 drops of essential oil to the bath water.

·      In an aromatic burner, first add water to container, put 6 drops of essential oil onto the water, light the tea light.

·      In a base cream: 12-65 years add 20 drops to 50 gr of cream; 65+ add 10 drops per 50 gr of cream.

·      In a massage: 12-65 years add 10 drops per 20 ml of carrier oil, almond oil is good for the skin and not too expensive; 65+ add 5 drops per 20 ml of carrier oil, almond oil is good for the skin.

Bibliography:  Lavandes & Lavandins - Christiane Meunier; web for photos